NEET (UG)

CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Physics and Measurement

• Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass, and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures. 

• Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.

UNIT II: Kinematics

• The frame of reference, Motion in a straight line; Position-time graph, speed, and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed, and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, and position-time graph relations for uniformly accelerated motion. 

• Unit vectors, Resolution of a vector, Relative Velocity.

• Scalars and Vectors, Vector Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, Motion in a plane, Projectile motion, Uniform circular motion.

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

• Force and Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. 

• Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.

• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road.

Unit IV: Work, Energy, and Power 

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power.

• The potential energy of a spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy; motion in a vertical circle: elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT V: Rotational Motion 

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion;

• Moment of a force,-torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;

• The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects. parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation, and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

 

UNIT VI: Gravitation 

• The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. 

• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite orbital velocity. Time period and energy of satellite.

UNIT VII: Properties of Solids and Liquids  

• Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity,

• Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity, Bernoulli’s principle and its applications. 

• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. 

• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion, Specific heat capacity: calorimetry; change of state – latent heat.

• Heat transfer- conduction, convection and radiation.

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics 

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of Thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. The First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. 

• Second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. 

UNIT IX: Kinetic Theory of Gases

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. 

• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature; RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy and application to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro’s number.

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves 

• Oscillations and Periodic motion-time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion(S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M –Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period:

• Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats.

 

CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Electrostatics 

• Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines; Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole; Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. 

• Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges: potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric diploes in an electrostatic field. 

• Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

UNIT II: Current Electricity 

• Electric current, drift velocity mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, 

• Electrical resistance, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, and conductivity. 

• Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance. 

• Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and in parallel. 

• Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

 

UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 

• Biot-Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop. 

• Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.

• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. 

• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field;

• Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples, effects of temperature on magnetic properties.

 

UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. 

• Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current. 

• AC generator and transformer.

 

UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves 

• Displacement current. 

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. 

• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays), applications of e.m. waves

 

UNIT VI: Optics 

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications. Magnification, Power of a lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light through a prism.

• Microscopes and Astronomical Telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. 

• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ Principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle.

• Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. 

• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. 

• Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroid.

 

UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. 

• Matter waves- wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. 

 

UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei 

• Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses.

• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

 

UNIT IX: Electronic Devices

• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, diode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

 

UNIT X: Experimental Skills

        Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

• Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
• Screw guage-its use to determine thickness/diameter of thin sheet/wire.
• Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
• Metre Scale- the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
• Young’s modulus of elasticity of material of a metallic wire.
• Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.
• Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body,
• Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.
• Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
• The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
• The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.
• Resistance and figure of merit of galvanometer by half deflection method.
• The focal length of;

1.   Convex mirror
2.   Concave mirror, and
3.   Convex lens, using the parallax method.

• The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
• Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
• Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
• Characteristics curves of Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
• Identification of Diode. LED, Resistor. A capacitor form a mixed collection of such items.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry 

• Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of atoms, molecule, element, and compound:
• Laws of chemical combination;  Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula;
• Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

 

UNIT 2: Atomic Structure

• Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom. Bohr model of a hydrogen atom – its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitation of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of  atomic orbital as one-electron wave functions: Variation of  Ψ  and  Ψ2  with r for 1s and 2s orbitals;
• Various quantum numbers (Principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number:  Rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

 

UNIT 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 

• Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds'
• Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. 
• Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan's rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance.
• Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features. LCAOs, 'types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

 

UNIT 4: Chemical Thermodynamics 

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties' state functions, types of processes.
• The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity: Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution.
• The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes:  ∆S of the universe and ∆G  of the system as criteria for spontaneity. ∆G°  (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

 

UNIT 5: Solutions  

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molarity, molarity, mole fraction. percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions: Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

 

UNIT 6: Equilibrium 

• Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid – gas and solid – gas equilibria, Henry’s law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
• Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc  ) and their significance, the significance of ∆G and ∆G°  in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

 

UNIT 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry 

• Electronics concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
• Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrodes potentials including standard electrode potential, half – cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

 

UNIT 8: Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a chemical reaction. Factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions. Their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of biomolecular gaseous reactions ( no derivation ).

 

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 9: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s,p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthakpy, electron gain enthalpy. valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.

 

UNIT 10: P- Block Elements

• Group- 13 to Group 18 Elements
• General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

 

UNIT 11: d - and f- Block Elements

• Inner Transition Elements
• Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoids contraction.
• Antinoids- Electronics configurationand oxidation states.

UNIT 12: Co-ordination Compounds

• Introduction to Coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding- Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

 

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 13: Purification and Characterisation of  Organic Compounds

• Purification- Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography- principles and their applications.
• Qualitative analysis- Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
• Quantitative analysis (basic principle only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

UNIT 14: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

• Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen nitrogen, and sulphur, Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism. 
• Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocation and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
• Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement. 

 

UNIT 15: Hydrocarbons

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions. 
• Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections ( of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. 
• Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen. halogens, water. hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): "Ozonolysis and polymerization.
• Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature. benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic  substitution: halogenation, nitration. 
• Friedel - craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene.

 

UNIT 16: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond: Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
• Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT.

 

UNIT 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen 

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
• ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, and ETHERS
• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
• Ethers: Structure.
• Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of œ- hydrogen. aldol condensation cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones'
• Carboxylic Acids 
• Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

 

UNIT 18: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 

• General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses. 
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
• Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 19: Biomolecules 

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
• CARBOHYDRATES - classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
• PROTEINS- Elementary idea of amino acids. peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
• VITAMINS - Classification and functions.
• NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
• Biological functions of nucleic acids.

 

UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases, and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:

 

                     

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

BOTANY

CLASS 11TH

UNIT I DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

Chapter-1 The Living World

What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature.

Chapter- 2 Biological classification

Five kingdom classification: salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichens, Viruses and Viroids

Chapter-3 Plant kingdom

Salient features and classification of plants into major groups- Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category),  Angiosperms, Lifecycles of plants.

UNIT-II STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS

Chapter-4 Morphology in Flowering plants

 Morphology and modifications of root ,stem, leaf ,flower- inflorescence- cymose and racemose, fruit and seed. Description of some important families.

Chapter-5 Anatomy in flowering plants

Tissues; Tissue system, Anatomy of monocot and dicot plants-Root ,stem, leaf, Secondary growth-Cambium

UNIT -III PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter-6 Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in Photosynthesis Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration c3 and c4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Chapter-7 Respiration

Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis. fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

Chapter-8 Plant growth and Development 

Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators -auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA

CLASS 12TH

UNIT-IV REPRODUCTION

Chapter-1 Sexual Reproduction in flowering plants

Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.UNIT-V GENETICS

UNIT-V GENETICS

Chapter-2 Principle of Inheritance and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination in humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance-Haemophilia colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.

Chapter-3 Molecular basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing, protein biosynthesis.

UNIT VI- ECOLOGY

Chapter-4 Organisms and Population

Population interactions-mutualism, competition. Predation, Parasitism. Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution

Chapter-5 Ecosystem

Patterns, components; productivity, and decomposition. Energy flow, Pyramids of number, biomass, energy.

Chapter-6 Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity and its conservation: concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity: Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity, Conservation; Hotspots, Endangered organisms, extinction; Red Data Book,biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.

 

ZOOLOGY

CLASS 11TH

ANIMAL KINGDOM

Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and Chordates up to classes level

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS

Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog)' (Brief account only)

CELL- THE UNIT OF LIFE

Cell theory and cell as the basic unit oflife; Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and Animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organellesstructure and function; Endomembrane system-Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Vacuoles; Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, Centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

BIOMOLECULES

Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates. lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-Types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of anzymes

CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

BREATHING AND RESPIRATION

Respiratory organs in animal; (reca onry); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of brood; composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output. ECG. Double circulation; Regulation ofcardiac activity; Disorders of circuratory system-Hypertension, coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other orgais in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal fairure, Renal carculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

Types of movement- ciliary, flagelar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions ; Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans, Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex arc 

CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND REGULATION

Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, Thyroid, parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary ldea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and rerated disorders (common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease).

 

CLASS 12TH

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation: Pregnancy and placenta formation ; Parturition; Lactation.

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; lnfertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT etc.

EVOLUTION

Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin's contribution, Modem Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution;Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue, chikungunya); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.Tobacco abuse

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

In household;  food processing, lndustrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genetic engineering (Recornbinant DNA technology)

APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

In health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy, Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops: Transgenic Animals;  Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.